IMUSCLE 2 TORRENT CODE

These observations led us to question which isoforms of myosin heavy and light chains are actually characteristic of “fast” or “slow” fibers in human skeletal muscle. Our initial investigation of the expression of myosin heavy and light chains using laser capture microdissection (LCM) to obtain specific fiber type samples from human vastus lateralis biopsies yielded some unexpected results.

IMUSCLE 2 TORRENT CODE

At least eight separate genes that code myosin light chains, MYL1, MYL2, MY元, MYL4, MYL5, MYL6, MYL6B, and MYLPF, have been identified, and at least three of these have a second isoform ( 3). MYH9, MYH10, and MYH11 are expressed primarily in smooth muscle. The 15 human genes that code myosin heavy chains are designated MYH1, MYH2, MYH3, MYH4, MYH6, MYH7, MYH7B, MYH8, MYH9, MYH10, MYH11, MYH12, MYH13, MYH14, MYH15, and MYH16 ( 17). More recently, antibodies that were raised against specific individual myosin heavy and light chain proteins became commercially available. The widely used fast and slow myosin monoclonal antibodies were obtained from mice immunized with only partially purified human skeletal muscle myosin antigens.

However, for more than a decade, monoclonal antibodies that correlated with the ATPase designation of fast, slow, and mixed fibers by bright-field or immunohistochemical methods have been used ( 2). The pH optimum of the ATPase has been classically the histochemical technique for identifying fast, slow, and mixed fibers. The myosin heavy chains contain ATPase, which is essential for shortening of the contractile apparatus in the sarcomere, resulting in muscle-generated movement of a body part. Thin filaments are composed of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin. Many heavy and light chain complexes are intertwined to form the thick filaments of each sarcomere. The tail end of each myosin heavy chain is attached to the tail of another myosin heavy chain, and each of these forms a complex with two myosin light chains. Exercise training can cause modest shifts in fiber composition from one of these types to a contiguous type, with the relationship being type I to IIa to IIx or type IIx to IIa to I. In addition, a variable portion of the type II fibers is mixed, containing both fast- and slow-twitch fiber markers, called type IIa fibers, whereas type II fibers that contain only the fast-twitch phenotype are designated type IIx in humans. The typical normal adult has roughly equal amounts of slow- and fast-twitch fibers, designated type I and II fibers. The technical challenges of human skeletal muscle fiber type identification have evolved over the past three decades ( 8). These new observations suggest that the presence or absence of MYH6 and MYH7 proteins dictates the slow- or fast-twitch phenotype in skeletal muscle. The mixed myosin heavy and light chain content of type IIa fibers was consistent with its role as a transition between fast and slow phenotypes. Classical fast myosin heavy chains (MHC1, MHC2, and MHC4) were present in variable proportions in all fiber types, but significant MYH6 and MYH7 expression indicated slow-twitch phenotype, and the absence of these two isoforms determined a fast-twitch phenotype.

In contrast to cardiomyocytes, where MYH6 (also known as α-myosin heavy chain) is seen solely in fast-twitch cells, only slow-twitch fibers of skeletal muscle contained MYH6. Type I fibers always contained myosin heavy chains 6 and 7 (MYH6 and MYH7) and myosin light chain 3 (MY元), whereas MYH6, MYH7, and MY元 were nearly absent from type IIx fibers. Fast-twitch (type IIx) fibers consistently contained myosin heavy chains 1, 2, and 4 and myosin light chain 1. We found that specific human fiber types contain different mixtures of myosin heavy and light chains. Laser capture microdissection techniques allow assessment of mRNA and protein content in individual fibers. Human skeletal muscle is made up of three distinct fiber types, but muscle contains many more isoforms of myosin heavy and light chains, which are coded by 15 and 11 different genes, respectively. Muscle fiber composition correlates with insulin resistance, and exercise training can increase slow-twitch (type I) fibers and, thereby, mitigate diabetes risk.

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